Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essays - 742 Words

K1 Danielle K Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best form of government for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. According to The Free Dictionary, Marxism is the concept that â€Å"class struggle plays a central role in understanding societys allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society†. With this theory, Marx had a great impact on Russian literatureÍ ¾ specifically, Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment. According the the Marxist theory, one would interpret Crime and Punishment as a perfect example to†¦show more content†¦As stated that the definition of Marxism, it says that one goes from a capitalist government, to a socialist government, and ultimately a classless society with communism. Here, this novel stands to be a perfect example of a rise to communism, and the rise of a proletariat. With this, a Marxist theory would begin to see Raskolnikov as a version of the proletariat, or common man, in charge of a violent overthrow. It is believed by Marxist theorists that the proletariat goes through various stages of development. In the beginning they struggle against the bourgeois, then this metamorphosizes itself into suffering, and the finally through the growth of the masses, victory arises for the common man. The goal of the Marxist man is to violently overthrow capitalism. Even though Raskolnikov does not conduct a violent overthrow of the government, he comes together in the same way, by violently killing what he sees as a leach on society. Raskolnikov battles his emotions and morality because of the murder of the pawnbroker and therefore suffers because of it. Though Porfiry and Sonia partake in him finding his salvation, it is ultimately Raskolnikov himself that realizes that by accepting his sins he overco mes his emotions and finds redemption. When â€Å"suddenly it was as if something lifted him and flung him down at her feet. He wept and embraced her knees†,Show MoreRelatedTheories Of Marxist Theory And Conflict Theory1066 Words   |  5 PagesMany theories have interrelated theories and derive from one another. Marxist theory has connection with labeling theory and conflict theory. Marxist theory and conflict theory explains law and criminal justice but does not oversee multi-groups conflict of society (Akers 2017). Marxist theory is a sociological model which is based on conflict of classes (Akers 2017). Marx viewed the industrial society or capitalist society from a macro point of view. Marxism is also a conflict theory, believing thatRead MoreOutline and Assess Marxist Explanations of Crime1208 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and assess Marxist explanations of crime Marxist and neo-Marxist approaches and explanations of crime are arguably some of the most controversial, for the reason that they state that it is the ruling class that is responsible for criminalising the working classes, which goes directly against what official statistics and Functionalists believe. However, Marxism and Functionalism do share a similarity in that both believe structures and institutions of society play a very important roleRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Marxist Theories on Crime1431 Words   |  6 PagesOutline and assess Marxist explanations of crime and deviance.    In looking at the Marxist explanation of crime and deviance one must also look to the non-sociologist explanations and those of other different groups in order to come to an informed view of the subject.    The non-sociologist definition of crime and deviance would be that deviance is uncommon behaviour, something that offends the morals or the majority of society, without being harmful or serious enough to be criminal. WhereasRead MoreCriminal And Deviant Behaviour Within Society867 Words   |  4 PagesMarxist claim that the bourgeoisie choose what they consider is criminal and deviant behaviour within society. They say the proletariat are the main culprits of the criminal behaviour, and they and those who are in a lower class are forced into committing crimes to survive as there is no other option for them. The main reason for the high crime rate is due to how the system works. White collar crimes seem to usually be ignored while lesser crimes such as burglary, vandalism and every day street crimeRead MoreCritical Theories Of Criminology903 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral theories developing critical theories of criminology, the first discussed in this paper will be conflict theory ( Bohm Vogel, 2011). The conflict theory is the inequality of competing groups, moreover, the different social statuses of individuals. This theory compares the differences in white collar crime to the crime of the blue collar class. White collar crime is mostly money-related crimes, including embezzlement, committed by the economically elite, conversely, blue collar crime is consideredRead MoreW.E.B Dubois’ Theory on the â€Å"Double Consciousness† Conflict/Radical Marxist Theory as It Applies to the Novel – a Lesson Before Dying1462 Words   |  6 PagesLIT 327 W.E.B DuBois’ Theory on the â€Å"Double Consciousness† Conflict/Radical Marxist Theory as it applies to the Novel – A Lesson Before Dying DuBois’ theory on the â€Å"Double Consciousness† states, â€Å"After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world,--a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of theRead MoreCrime Is A Social Construction Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesCrime is often described as socially constructed, which influences our understanding of who commits a crime. Firstly, labelling theorists argue that crime is a social construction based on the powerful’s reaction to certain behaviour, those who are deviant are people that have been labelled as such. Marxists claim the bourgeoise construct crime in order to criminalise the proletariat, get away with their own deviance and maintain their own dominance. Neo-marxists look at how moral panics create aRead MoreCrime And Deviance Essay1649 Wo rds   |  7 PagesCrime can be defined as ‘An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’ (Oxford Dictionary, 2017). It’s the violation of a written law that is set by society and is known as ‘committing a crime’. Deviance is defined as ‘the fact or state of diverging from usual accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behaviour’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). To be deviant would be to perform an act that strays from the normal behaviours, or â€Å"norms† of any given society. 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It can never be purely objective, as knowledge is absorbed through the grid of our own perceptions

Advanced Computational Intelligence Techniques For...

PROJECT TITLE : ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA MONITORING SYSTEM. Microwaves imaging recognition by using advanced computational intelligence on biomedical applications (breast cancer detection) RESEARCH AREA OF INTEREST : HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES 1. INTRODUCTION This project aims to develop improved microwave imaging algorithms using radar based time reversal signal processing coupled with tomographic reconstruction to solve for the inverse source and scattering problems that arise in microwave imaging for localization of suspicious tissue regions as well as to estimate the shapes and dielectric properties of potentially malignant lesions within highly dense breasts. Computational Breast Phantoms using†¦show more content†¦The technique used for detection in microwave imaging is based on the contrast in the dielectric properties between healthy and malignant breast tissues. Breasts consist of a mixture of fatty, adipose, epithelial and connective tissues. Dense breast tissue results from a large percentage of epithelial and connective tissues, collectively referred to as fibro glandular tissues. It is well established from radiographic images that malignant breast tumours have irregular spiculated shapes and usually hide inside healthy fibro glandular regions. The challenge faced by any existing imaging is to distinguish the malignant breast tissues from healthy fibro glandular tissue regions. Another compelling potential application is the characterization of the relative density of tissues in a healthy breast using microwave imaging as the high breast density is strongly correlated with cancer risk. The breast density estimation via microwave imaging can help to identify high-risk subjects before cancer has manifested. In addition, microwave imaging can also be used in monitoring the response of a tumour to other treatment protocols. These require dielectric mapping of the breast in addition to localization of malignant tissue. 2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This project will make a significant contribution to knowledge in the modelling and design of a non-invasive medical condition monitor using physiological responses. In particular, the project aims to: (a)

Institutionalizing Corporate Social Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Institutionalizing Corporate Social Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Appleyard, and Chesbrough (2017) defined management as the action plan for running and conduction managerial activities in a business. It has been stated by many authors that strategies in an organization are lacking its efficiency due to which the competitive advantage to a company is not received in the global market. However, to analyze the reason behind the non-performance of competitive advantage, business performance shall also be reviewed. Further, the business level strategies in the strategic management of an organization help the company to perceive uncertainty present in the market, firm's resources, competitive advantage and performance of the organization (Hill, Jones, and Schilling, 2014). Michael Porter being the first writer to discuss this concept said that strategic discipline can lead to competitive advantage in an organization. Further, an organization's core objective should initiate to provide better level of satisfaction to the customers of the company and this process is initiated through the use of business level strategies in an organization. They provide detailed action and form plan with the aid of which the company gains the competitive edge in the target market. The process and initiates exploitation of core competencies of the business so as to make fuller utilization of resources and drive profit for business (Peppard, and Ward 2016). According to the type of organization and their objectives, the organization shall adopt the business level strategies which are listed below. Cost leadership is the strategy which mainly focuses on the strategies implemented in an organization to cut the cost of the product and differentiate it in the market on the basis of their low prices. Price of the product is based on the internal productivity on the basis of which profit margin is decided by the management of the company (Bettis, et. al., 2014). In order to create sustainability in the market, the company needs to implement some strategies which create a differential position of their product in the target market. so, which the use of cost leadership strategy the company places such a price of the product which is not offered by any other competitor in the market; due to this feature of the business strategy they gain competitive advantage in the target market (Jannesson, Nilsson, and Rapp 2016). Under this process standardized products are offered with lowest prices due to which customers are intensified to buy the product from the market, this also cuts competitio n in the market. Some, ways through which the company can apply this strategy in their management is by implementing the complex organizational system (this will make it difficult for competitors to imitate them), or by maintaining strict control over the cost of production, or by minimizing the expense on research and development (Buller, and McEvoy 2016). The porter's forces model better explains the cost leadership method in an organization in different circumstances as well. The components of five forces are discussed below (appendices 1). Rivalry explains the competitors of the organization, in this type of business strategy companies, do not prefer to initiate price war since with this effect the low-cost firms still get to earn profit even after the competitors compete away their profits. One such example of this is the airline's industry under which firms having low-cost carriers still get to earn profit even after the price war. The customers' aspect of Porter's model explains the power of customers who force the firms to produce goods and services at low profits, due to most of the firm exit from the market due to having below average profit (Chen, Delmas, and Lieberman 2015). This result in creating monopoly for companies having cost leadership and creating identified place in the market. In case of suppliers, the cost leader companies get to absorb more price increase even before they raise the price to the customers (appendices 2). Entry is although open it becomes difficult for new and emerging companies to s ustain their growth in the market by optimizing minimum profits along with low cost. The cost leaders lower their cost of the product so that the customers present in the market stay with them only, thus this process initiates less substitution of the product (Andersen, and Andersson, 2017). Another mode of business strategy is the differentiation which provides value to customers in the market initiating product differentiation in the market. This business strategy prefers in creating product differentiation in the market rather than lowering the cost and initiating cost leadership. The value of this strategy is can be created by lowering cost of buyers and raising the buyer's performance. Also, differentiation in an organization can be created through creating high-quality product and uniqueness in them, due to which take the high cost for the companies to enter the market. The Porter's five forces model identifies that under this strategy effective differentiators can lead to gain leadership in the market. The companies which sell unique products which differentiated quality in-build within them can gain market capitalization (appendices 3). In the aspect of rivalry, there are fewer chances of other competitors to cease the market share, as the product manufactured by the company is highly specialized in the market. Further, according to Peppard, and Ward (2016) in case of suppliers, it shall be known that as the differentiators enjoy charging differential prices of the product in the market due to which they can tend to absorb higher costs, to which the customers are also willing to pay more for the product. In the entrants' aspect of the porter's model, it becomes hard for the entrants to enter in such market, a loyalty maintained on the part of customers as once the brand loyalty is maintained it becomes difficult to another company which sells diff erentiated products. Another aspect of Porter's generic business level strategy is the focused low cost model. Under this process, an organization not only selects low-cost model in the market but also aim to select a smaller segment of the market to supply their goods and services in the market. Such model for business process aims to compete in companies on the basis of prices, and they eliminate more competition by selling their products to a particular segment of the market. Apart from that, according to Arasti, Khaleghi and Noori (2017) the fourth business level model focuses on creating differentiation in products. The organization which uses this model focuses on creating product differentiation in the market, but they also select a smaller segment of group to target in the market. It is a narrow concept which is applied in various business sectors that have their business activities diverse in a smaller segment of the market. They reduce competition by supplying to a small segment of the market and that too providing differentiation in their product due to which brand loyalty is created in the market for the product insisting sales for them (Short, et. al., 2016). The last business model is the integrated cost leadership or differentiated product leadership in the market. This strategy has now become popular in the global business context as it is majorly used by companies nowadays. Firms using this strategy get to adopt the environmental changes in a better way and learn new skills and techniques to use in the business process. Moreover, the model leads to effectively leverage the core competencies of their business process and product line in which they exist. It will initiate the company to manufacture the products which differentiated features and specialized costs as well. Thus, this type of model provides advantage to the customers as well, as hey also get differential featured products at comparatively lower costs in the market. So, due to this process, they are inspired to buy the company's product (Horwath 2017). The above defined strategic management model is the concept which is currently used by business process to develop effective sale in the market along with competitive advantage as well. As the business strategy is the requirement of every business process, irrespective of their time period of the type of business functions, so below mentioned involves the phases in which the business process evolved till date. According to Fenton, et al., (2015) first phase includes the budgetary planning process. This process was implemented by the companies in the period of 1950-1960. The major of this type of model was to acknowledge the requirements of the customers present in the market and fulfill them according to the resources available with the company. The second phase in business strategy occurred between the periods of 1960-1968, under which the companies focused more on corporate planning than fulfillment of societal objective. This strategy worked in such a way that companies started develops their long-term business objectives which they aim to fulfill by the way of their internal process activities (appendices 4). Further, under corporate planning three strategies were defined by Chandler mainly, horizontal which implies growth in the market irrespective of the size of the market. Another was vertical which included absorbing functions that are backward towards supplier and forward towards the prospective customers of the society (Horwath 2017). Lastly, the diversification mode related to the decision of the company to enter in the relevant or irrelevant market and diversify their activities to initiate expansion and fulfill long-term objectives. The next business strategy (1968-1975) included the activities of an organization to initiate portfolio planning to plot their products in the correct target market and achieve the growth and share matrix decided. The fourth phase included the industry and competitive analysis strategy of the company. Under this model, the porter five forces were defined as the firm tried to take a closer look towards the activities of the market. This type of business model analyzed the growth of the company in terms of the industry growth and competitive advantages present with the company in the current scenario (Punt, et. al., 2016). The next phase was the internal sourcing of competitive advantage under which a resource-based theory was applied by the management of the company by focusing on gaining the competitive advantage in the market. The companies introduced the term core competencies and focused on them to gain customer maximization. Next phase of the business strategy discussed by Casadesus?Masanell, and Zhu (2013)was the evolution of strategic innovation and implementation, this process introduced the way of companies to such strategies and resources in such a way that the company aspires to secure a sustainable position of them in the target market. The companies which applied this strategy firstly embraced their management with innovation and used tools and measures to implement such practices in the management (Herrera 2015). The next phase was the strategic management and simplification strategy under which the main emphasis the companies laid on execution of objectives and practices defined for the management. The process of strategic thinking gave a deeper sense to the activities initiated by the management as they enhanced the business decision-making process and simplified the complex features of the management. The strategic management has immediate response to the changes happened in the management system initiating skilled development. Lastly, the facts came to no existence that strategic thinking and applying such feature in the management adequately assist the business to coordinate the objective of the company with the practices of the management. Thus, the company started using this strategic model to enhance their skills and abilities. The different business model used in the current era forms a part of this strategic management model (Baumgartner, et. al., 2014). Concluding the above analysis the fact that shall be noticed that the strategic management approach to the business is now an important part of the business with the aid of which, they earn profits and initiates sustainability in the management system. Further, the strategic management business model has evolved with time which helped the management to initialize competitive advantage in the company in the target market. The basic aim of these models is to fully utilize the efficiencies of the resources and drive them in the direction of achieving adequate returns for the company. Thus, it shall be said that the business model of an organization actively participates in the growth of an organization in the competitive world. References Andersen, T.J. and Andersson, U., 2017. Multinational Corporate Strategy-Making: Integrating International Business and Strategic Management. In The Responsive Global Organization: New Insights from Global Strategy and International Business (pp. 13-34). Emerald Publishing Limited. Appleyard, M.M. and Chesbrough, H.W., 2017. The dynamics of open strategy: from adoption to reversion. Long Range Planning, 50(3), pp.310-321. Arasti, M., Khaleghi, M. and Noori, J., 2017. Corporate-level technology strategy and its linkage with corporate strategy in multi-business companies: IKCO case study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 122, pp.243-252. Baumgartner, L.J., Conallin, J., Wooden, I., Campbell, B., Gee, R., Robinson, W.A. and Mallen?Cooper, M., 2014. Using flow guilds of freshwater fish in an adaptive management framework to simplify environmental flow delivery for semi?arid riverine systems. Fish and Fisheries, 15(3), pp.410-427. Bettis, R., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2014. Quantitative empirical analysis in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 35(7), pp.949-953. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2016. A model for implementing a sustainability strategy through HRM practices. Business and Society Review, 121(4), pp.465-495. Casadesus?Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models. Strategic management journal, 34(4), pp.464-482. Chen, C.M., Delmas, M.A. and Lieberman, M.B., 2015. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 36(1), pp.19-36. Fenton, P., Gustafsson, S., Ivner, J. and Palm, J., 2015. Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies: lessons from planning processes in five municipalities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98, pp.213-221. Herrera, M.E.B., 2015. Creating competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate social innovation. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), pp.1468-1474. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Horwath, R., 2017. The Evolution of Business Strategy. Strategic Thinking Institute. Pp 2-6. Jannesson, E., Nilsson, F. and Rapp, B., 2016. Strategy, Control and Competitive Advantage. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN AN. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016. The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Punt, A.E., Butterworth, D.S., Moor, C.L., De Oliveira, J.A. and Haddon, M., 2016. Management strategy evaluation: best practices. Fish and Fisheries, 17(2), pp.303-334. Short, J.C., McKenny, A.F., Ketchen, D.J., Snow, C.C. and Hult, G.T.M., 2016. An empirical examination of firm, industry, and temporal effects on corporate social performance. Business Society, 55(8), pp.1122-1156.

Fundamentals of Medication Error Research- Justify And Response

Question: Develop a process map about the prescription filling process for HMO's pharmacy, in which you specify the key problems that the HMO's pharmacy might be experiencing. Next, use the supplier, input, process steps, output, and customer (SIPOC) model to analyze the HMO pharmacy's business process. Analyze the process map and SIPOC model to identify possible main root causes of the problems. Next, categorize whether the main root causes of the problem are special causes or common causes. Provide a rationale for your response. Suggest the main tools that you would use and the data that you would collect in order to analyze the business process and correct the problem. Justify your response. Answer: The HMO Pharmacy is a very important part of medical and treatment system. The prescription filling process is the most integrated part of the system, where patient finally get their drugs prescribed to them, so that they can recover. Thus, any mistake that takes place in this process can lead to serious issues, and in some cases, even prove fatal for the serious patients. As we can see in the case study, when this scenario of errors in the prescription filling arises, legal measures are taken against the person responsible, and hence, is the issue with Juan de Pacotilla. The process of prescription filling involves a number of steps, in which, many a times, guesses and decisions are to be made. Hence, a minimum qualification is required for the person who takes up the job of prescription filling. The process involved in this system includes the following in sequence: The pharmacy first receives the order for prescription filling. If the order is for renewal, the pharmacy has to call the physician for approval of the renewal of prescription. If it is approved by the physician, the filing process is started. If it is not approved, the customer is advices to consult the physician for the same, and the prescription is returned. If the prescription is not for renewal, the process of filling is started. The Rx is entered into the system, which is generally a computer based software for HMO. The insurance information of the patient is then checked. The insurance plays an important role at this step, as if the insurance is valid, the customer is not directly charged for the filling of prescription. But if the insurance is not valid or not available, the patient is charged for the filling of prescription directly, which they can pay by various modes of payment like cash, card etc. After this step, the prescription is put into the queue for the filling of the prescription process. The pharmacist or the person who is responsible for the job, who might be the technician working there, checks and counts the number of pills or medicine, and put them aside for filling. When the Rx is filled by the pharmacist, the label for the medicine is prepared. The label includes the name of the patient, the date of filling of prescription, the name of the doctor, and possibly the expiration date of the medicine. There can be other information as well, like the name of the HMO, the name of the pharmacist filling up the prescription, the order number etc. The label is then printed and glued to the bottle of medicine which has been filled by the pharmacist. If the medicine has not been filled by the pharmacist, the Rx is then reviewed again for filling. The completed Rx and the bottle with the medicine is then placed in a basket which stores the completed orders. The medicine is ready for pickup at this stage. Before the actual delivery or pickup of the order, the customer ID is verified for the Rx, and the process is forwarded. The customer is then handed over the medicine which has been filled up. If the customer has any query or questions, it is entertained by the pharmacist. If the pharmacist is unable to resolve the query, it is forwarded to the pharmacy technician. The query is resolved, and the customer is asked to pay, if needed. If they have a standing insurance, the payment process is skipped. The process of filling the prescription, hence, ends here. The process has been explained in the form of a flowchart below: By analysing the process map for the process of filling up the prescription, we can see that there are few weak joints in the process, where problem can arise. There may be the cases when a fake prescription is received by the pharmacy for filling up. The verification in such a case becomes difficult, and many a times, the pharmacist is held responsible for the same. There can be incidents when the prescription is not clear due to handwriting of the doctor, and pharmacist may misunderstand the drug for some other medicine with similar name, and can cause health problems to the patients. The queries that are raised by the customers may also sometime be too deep to be in the scope of knowledge of a pharmacist to answer. The data can be analysed for number of incidents when a wrong Rx is filled up for the prescription by a pharmacist. The data can be correlated for the number of times this error occurs with the name of the doctor issuing the prescription. In this analysis, it can then be understood that there might be more number of incident with some particular doctor or doctors, who might have a habit of writing in non-understandable handwriting, more often. The data can also be analysed for some specific medicines prescribed, if number of problems arises then, and can be checked of some medicines are more prone to have been misread. (Allan and Barker, 1990) The problem of bad handwriting in the prescription which leads to error in the filling up of prescription process can be resolved if it is made a standard that all the prescriptions are to be computer typed and printed. If the prescription is typed, there would not be any issue of misreading the name of the medicine and the error would be avoided to a great extent. This would also end the blame game of every person involved in the system for the wrong handwriting. The prescription can also be made electronically available to the pharmacy, which would reduce the chances of fake and false prescriptions. Automatic prescription filling mechanism can also be implemented to resolve the issues. (Williams, Welin, Mathews, Towle Orrick, 1997) After implementation of the computer printed prescription, the data can then be collected for number of errors, and it can be analysed that who is at the actual fault here. The number of errors in filling up of the prescription would ideally reduce, and if not, the qualification standards of the pharmacists will have to be increased. References Williams, J. P., Welin, D., Mathews, R., Towle, A., Orrick, A. (1997). U.S. Patent No. 5,597,995. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Allan, E. L., Barker, K. N. (1990). Fundamentals of medication error research. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 47(3), 555-571.